What it is
The dodo was a large flightless pigeon endemic to Mauritius. IUCN lists it as Extinct. No complete stuffed specimen survives; knowledge comes from bones, a few relics, and seventeenth-century accounts and paintings.
Range
Mauritius only. It had no mainland population.
What happened
Dutch and other visitors hunted dodos. More decisive were the pigs, rats, dogs, and crab-eating macaques people brought, which ate eggs and chicks, plus the cutting of forest. The last widely accepted sighting is 1662; the species was gone by the 1690s.
When / status
Extinct by the late seventeenth century, on an island people had only recently occupied year-round.
Human role
Hunting plus introduced mammals on an island with no prior land predators.
Sources
IUCN Red List (Raphus cucullatus, EX); Roberts & Solow and later reviews of last-sighting dates.